RUC / Rapid Refresh Publications

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Index

1. General descriptions of RUC / Rapid Refresh versions
2. RUC/RR analysis and quality control
3. RUC/RR forecast model, FIM model, physical parameterizations
4. RUC/RR applications and observational data studies
5. RUC/RR post-processing including RTMA


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1. General descriptions of different versions of RUC and Rapid Refresh.

1. Benjamin, S.G., S.S. Weygandt, J.M. Brown, T.G. Smirnova, D. Devenyi, K. Brundage, G.A. Grell, S. Peckham, T. Schlatter, T.L. Smith, G. Manikin 2007: From the radar-enhanced RUC to the WRF-based Rapid Refresh. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

2. Brown, J.M., S. Benjamin, T. Smirnova, G. Grell, L. Bernardet, L. B. Nance, R. Collander, and C. Harrop. Rapid Refresh core test: Aspects of WRF-NMM and WRF-ARW forecast performance relevant to the Rapid Refresh application. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

3. Benjamin, S.G., D. Devenyi, T. Smirnova, S. Weygandt, J.M. Brown, S. Peckham, K. Brundage, T.L. Smith, G. Grell, and T. Schlatter, 2006: From the 13-km RUC to the Rapid Refresh. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc. CD-ROM, 9.1

4. Benjamin, S.G., T.G. Smirnova, K. Brundage, S.S. Weygandt, T.L. Smith, B. Schwartz, D. Devenyi, J.M. Brown, G.A. Grell, 2004: A 13-km RUC and beyond: Recent developments and future plans. cycle: The RUC. Preprints, 11th Conf. Aviation, Range, Aerospace Meteor., AMS, Hyannis, MA, October. PDF

5. Smirnova, T.G., J.M. Brown, and S.G. Benjamin, 2004: Preliminary results of WRF model performance as a step towards the NCEP Rapid Refresh. Preprints, 11h Conf. Aviation, Range, Aerospace Meteor., AMS, Hyannis, MA, October. PDF

6. Benjamin, S.G., D. Devenyi, S.S. Weygandt, K.J. Brundage, J.M. Brown, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, and G.S. Manikin, 2004: An hourly assimilation/forecast cycle: The RUC. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 495-518 (Feb. issue). PDF

7. Benjamin, S.G., T.G. Smirnova, K.J. Brundage, S.S. Weygandt, D. Devenyi, B.E. Schwartz, T.L. Smith, 2004: Application of the Rapid Update Cycle at 10-13 km - Initial testing. Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

8. Koch, S.E., S. Benjamin, J. McGinley, J. Brown, P. Schultz, E. Szoke, T. Smirnova, B. Shaw, D. Birkenheuer, S. Albers, S. Peckham, G. Grell: Real-time applications of the WRF model at the Forecast Systems Laboratory. Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle.

9. Benjamin, S.G., S.S. Weygandt, B.E. Schwartz, T.L. Smith, T.G. Smirnova, D. Kim, G. Grell, D. Devenyi, K.J. Brundage, J.M. Brown, and G.S. Manikin, 2002: The 20-km RUC in operations. Preprints, 15th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 379-382. PDF

10. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, D. Devenyi, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, S. Weygandt, and G.S. Manikin, 2002: RUC20 - The 20-km version of the Rapid Update Cycle. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR FSL-28. PDF for FSL revised version.

11. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, D. Devenyi, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, S. Weygandt, and G.S. Manikin, 2002: RUC20 - The 20-km version of the Rapid Update Cycle. NWS Technical Procedures Bulletin No. 490. PDF - FSL revised version.

12. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, D. Devenyi, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, B.E. Schwartz, S.S. Weygandt, and G.S. Manikin, 2002: The 20-km Rapid Update Cycle--Overview and implications for aviation applications. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 24-27. PDF

13. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, S.S. Weygandt, T.L. Smith, T.G. Smirnova, B.E. Schwartz, D. Kim, D. Devenyi, K.J. Brundage, J.M. Brown, and G.S. Manikin, 2001: The 20-km version of the RUC. Preprints, 14th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J75-J79

14. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, Devenyi, D. Kim, B. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, S.S. Weygandt, and G.S. Manikin, 2000: The 20-km version of the Rapid Update Cycle PDF . Preprints, 9th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Orlando, 421-423.

15. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, D. Kim, B. Schwartz, T. Smirnova, and T.L. Smith, 1999: Aviation forecasts from the RUC-2 PDF . Preprints, 8th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Dallas, 486-490.

16. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, L.L. Morone, 1998: RUC-2 - The Rapid Update Cycle Version 2. NWS Technical Procedure Bulletin No. 448. NOAA/NWS, 18 pp. [National Weather Service, Office of Meteorology, 1325 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910] Online from here

17. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, and T.L. Smith, 1998: The operational RUC-2. Preprints, 16th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, AMS, Phoenix, 249-252.

18. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, K.J. Brundage, D. Devenyi, D. Kim, B.E. Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, and A. Marroquin, 1997: Improvements in aviation forecasts from the 40-km RUC. Preprints, 7th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Long Beach, February, 411-416.

19. Benjamin, S. G., J. M. Brown, K. J. Brundage, D. Devenyi, B. Schwartz, T. G. Smirnova, T. L. Smith, and F.-J. Wang, 1996: The 40-km 40-level version of MAPS/RUC. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, AMS, Norfolk, 161-163.

20. Benjamin, S. G., D. Kim, and T. W. Schlatter, 1995: The Rapid Update Cycle: A new mesoscale assimilation system in hybrid theta-sigma coordinates at the National Meteorological Center. Preprints, Second International Symposium on Assimilation of Observations in Meteorology and Oceanography, Tokyo, Japan, 13-17 March, 337-342.

21. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, K.J. Brundage, T.L. Smith, J.M. Brown, T.G. Smirnova, and Z. Yang, 1995: The next version of the Rapid Update Cycle -- RUC II. Preprints, 6th Conference on Aviation Weather Systems, 15-20 January, Dallas, AMS, 57-61. Description of a 40-km 40-level 1-h version with much improved model physics.

22. Benjamin, K.J. Brundage, P.A. Miller, T.L. Smith, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, J.M. Brown, and T.W. Schlatter, 1994. The Rapid Update Cycle at NMC. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 566-568.

23. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, J.M. Brown, R. Bleck, K.J. Brundage, T.L. Smith, and P.A. Miller, 1994. An operational isentropic/sigma hyrid forecast model and data assimilation system. Proceedings, The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, Vol. III, Bergen, Norway, June 27-July 1, 1994. S. Gronas and M.A. Shapiro (eds.), Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 268-273.

24. Benjamin, S.G., K.J. Brundage, and L.L. Morone, 1994: The Rapid Update Cycle. Part I: Analysis/model description. Technical Procedures Bulletin No.~416, NOAA/NWS, 16 pp. [National Weather Service, Office of Meteorology, 1325 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910] The best description of the old 60-km 3-h RUC that ran from Sept 1994 - Apr 1998, when it was replaced by the 40-km 1-h RUC-2. Online from here.

25. Benjamin, S.G., K.A. Brewster, R.L. Brummer, B.F. Jewett, T.W. Schlatter, T.L. Smith, and P.A. Stamus, 1991: An isentropic three-hourly data assimilation system using ACARS aircraft observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 888-906. The original MAPS description -- an early pure isentropic version.

26. Schlatter, T. W., and S. G. Benjamin, 1994: A mesoscale data assimilation system adapted for trajectory calculations over Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 2047, 269-276.

27. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, J.M. Brown, R. Bleck, K.J. Brundage, T.L. Smith, and P.A. Miller, 1994: An operational isentropic/sigma hybrid forecast model and data assimilation system. Symposium on Life cycles of Extratropical Cyclones , Bergen, Norway, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 268-273.

28. Benjamin, S.G., T.L. Smith, P.A. Miller, D. Kim, T.W. Schlatter, D. Devenyi, J.M. Carriere, and R. Bleck, 1993: Recent developments in the MAPS isentropic-sigma data assimilation system. Idojaras , 97, 121-139.

29. Benjamin, S.G., R. Bleck, G. Grell, Z. Pan, T.L. Smith, J.M. Brown, J.E. Ramer, P.A. Miller, and K.A. Brundage, 1993: Aviation forecasts from the hybrid-B version of MAPS - Effects of a new vertical coordinate and improved model physics. Fifth Conf. on Aviation Weather Systems , Vienna,VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J5-J9.

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    2. Articles specifically on RUC/MAPS analysis or observation quality control.

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30. Devenyi, D., S. Weygandt, T. Schlatter, S. Benjamin, M. Hu. Hourly data assimilation with the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation for the Rapid Refresh. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

31. Weygandt, S.S., S. Benjamin. Radar reflectivity-based initialization of precipitation systems using a diabatic digital filter within the Rapid Update Cycle. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

32. Benjamin, S.G., W.R. Moninger, S.R. Sahm, T.L. Smith. Mesonet wind quality monitoring allowing assimilation in the RUC and other NCEP models. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

33. Benjamin, S. G., W. R. Moninger, T. L. Smith, B. D. Jamison, E. J. Szoke, T. W. Schlatter, 2007: 2006 TAMDAR impact experiment results for RUC humidity, temperature, and wind forecasts. 11th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface , San Antonio, TX, PDF

34. Benjamin, S.G., W.R. Moninger, T.L. Smith, B.D. Jamison, and B.E. Schwartz, 2006a: TAMDAR aircraft impact experiments with the Rapid Update Cycle. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS) , Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.8. PDF

35. Benjamin, S.G., S.S. Weygandt, S.E. Koch, and J.M. Brown, 2006: Assimilation of lightning data into RUC model forecasting. 2nd Conf. Meteor. Appl. of Lightning Data, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 4.3. PDF

36. Devenyi, D., S.G. Benjamin, J.M. Middlecoff, T.W. Schlatter, and S.S. Weygandt, 2005: Gridpoint statistical interpolation for Rapid Refresh. 17th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, , Washington, D.C., Amer. Meteor. Soc. PDF

37. Benjamin, S.G., S.S. Weygandt, J.M. Brown T.L. Smith, T. Smirnova, W.R. Moninger, B. Schwartz, E.J. Szoke, and K. Brundage, 2004: Assimilation of METAR cloud and visibility observations observations in the RUC Preprints 11th Conf. Aviation, Range, and Aerosp. Meteor., Hyannis, MA, AMS, October. PDF

38. Benjamin, S.G., S. Weygandt, D. Devenyi, J.M. Brown, G. Manikin, T.L. Smith, and T. Smirnova, 2004: Improved moisture and PBL initialization in the RUC using METAR data. 11th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology , Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 17.3. PDF

39. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, S.S. Weygandt, T.L. Smith, B. Schwartz, W.R. Moninger, 2004: Assimilation of surface cloud, visibility, and current weather observations in the RUC Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

40. Devenyi, D., S.G. Benjamin, and S.S. Weygandt, 2004: The RUC 3DVAR: Operational performance and recent improvements. Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

41. Benjamin, S.G., D. Devenyi, S. S. Weygandt, and G.S. Manikin, 2003: The RUC 3D variational analysis (and postprocessing modifications). NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR FSL-29, Forecast Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 18pp. PDF

42. Devenyi, D., and S.G. Benjamin, 2003: A 3-dimensional atmospheric variational assimilation technique in a hybrid isentropic-sigma coordinate. Meteor. and Atmospheric Physics , 82, 245-257. Available at PDF PDF

43. Devenyi, D., S.G. Benjamin, and S.S. Weygandt, 2002: A new version of RUC 3DVAR. 15th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 343-345. PDF

44. Kim, D., S.G. Benjamin, and J. Brown, 2002: Cloud/hydrometeor assimilation into the 20-km RUC using radar and GOES data. ECMWF/GEWEX Workshop on Humidity Analysis, Reading, England, 79-85.

45. Kim, D., and S. G. Benjamin, 2002. Cloud/hydrometeor assimilation into the 20-km Rapid Update Cycle. ECMWF/GEWEX Workshop on Humidity Analysis, ECMWF, 8-11 July 2002.

46. Kim, D., S.G. Benjamin and J.M. Brown, 2002: Cloud/hydrometeor initialization in the 20-km RUC using radar and GOES data. 15th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 335-338. PDF

47. Benjamin, S.G., D. Kim, and J.M. Brown, 2002: Cloud/hydrometeor initialization in the 20-km RUC with GOES and radar data. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 232-235. PDF

48. Devenyi, D., S.G. Benjamin, and S.S. Weygandt, 2001: 3DVAR analysis in the Rapid Update Cycle. 14th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J103-J107.

49. Kim, D., and S.G. Benjamin, 2001: Cloud/hydrometeor initialization for the 20-km RUC using satellite and radar data. 14th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J113-J115. PDF

50. Kim, D., and S.G. Benjamin, 2000: An initial RUC cloud analysis assimilating GOES cloud-top data. PDF . Preprints, 9th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Orlando, 522-524.

51. Kim, D., and S.G. Benjamin, 2000: Assimilation of cloud-top pressure derived from GOES sounder data into MAPS/RUC. PDF 10th Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Long Beach, AMS, 110-113.

52. Devenyi, D. and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: Application of a 3DVAR analysis in RUC-2. 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix, 37-40.

53. Kim. D., and D. Nychka, 1998: Comparisons of density smoothers to combine satellite imager and sounder data. 14th Conf. on Prob. and Stat. in the Atmos. Sci., AMS, Phoenix

54. Kim, D., 1998: The AVHRR data on AMSU/A/B footprints. 9th Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, May, Paris, France.

55. Kim, D., 1998: Combining imager and sounder data to derive cloud products. 9th Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, May, Paris, France.

56. Kim, D., S.G. Benjamin, T.G. Smirnova, and J.M. Brown, 1998: Comparison of skin temperatures from the MAPS/RUC forecast model and from GOES-8. 9th Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, May, Paris, France, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 624-625

57. Kim, D., S.G. Benjamin, J.M. Brown, and T.G. Smirnova, 1998: The use of satellite information in correcting model-predicted clouds. 9th Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, May, Paris, France. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 722-723

58. Hong, J.-S., D. Kim, 1998: The retrieval of the clear TOVS radiance by the statistical regression method. 12th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, AMS, Phoenix, Arizona, 316-319.

59. Kim, D., B. Stankov and K. Moran, 1997: Evaluation of multilevel cloud parameters with cloud profiling radar. To be presented at 9th International TOVS Study Conference. February 20-26, Igls, Austria.

60. Devenyi, D., 1996: A 3-dimensional variational analysis for MAPS/RUC. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, August.

61. Kim, D., J.-S. Hong, and S.G. Benjamin, 1996: Analysis of 3-hour forecast errors in MAPS. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, August, 113-115.

62. Kim, D., 1996: Evaluation of GOES precipitable water data and assimilation into MAPS/RUC. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, August.

63. Kim, D. and J. Chou, 1995: Multilevel cloud parameter estimation using smoothed density of AVHRR data and HIRS data. Preprints, Eighth International TOVS Study Conference, April 5-11, Queenstown, New Zealand.

64. Benjamin, S.G., 1995: The Rapid Update Cycle: A quasi-isentropic analysis/forecast system at the National Meteorological Center. Conf. on Isentropic Analysis and Forecasting, , Lancaster, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

65. DEVENYI, D., and T.W. SCHLATTER, 1994. Statistical properties of three-hour prediction "errors" derived from the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 263-280. Statistical properties of observed residuals from the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS), a real-time data assimilation system, were investigated. Observed residuals are defined as differences between rawinsonde observations interpolated vertically to the model levels and the predicted values from MAPS interpolated horizontally to the radiosonde locations. One-point statistical moments up to order 4 (including skewness and flatness) were computed to investigate the normality of the probability distribution of observed residuals. The finding of near-zero skewness indicates symmetry in the distribution of observed residuals, but values of flatness significantly different from 3 indicate deviations from a normal (Gaussian) distribution. These results are supported by an effective statistical test. The spatial distributions of these statistical moments show strong local variability, which is ascribed to occasional gross errors in the rawinsonde data. The spatial correlation of observed residuals was computed for the Montgomery streamfunction and the components of the horizontal wind, following a model proposed by Roger Daley and used at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. This model allows for divergence in the analyzed wind field. Complications arising from lateral boundary conditions were addressed. The spatial correlation was also computed from observed residuals of condensation pressure, which is the moisture variable in MAPS. All empirical correlations were approximated by truncated series of Bessel functions. The results are similar to those of other authors, with the exception that 3-h prediction errors in the MAPS model tend to be less geostropic than 12-h prediction errors in global models, which have coarser resolution. The correlation range for condensation pressure was large, approaching 1000 km, reflecting the conservation of this quantity on isentropic surfaces in nonsaturated flow.

66. KIM, D., T.W. SCHLATTER, and D. DEVENYI. A new mesoscale observation analysis with Bessel basis functions. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 151-153 (1994).

67. MILLER, P.A., and R.L. FOZZARD. Real-time quality control of hourly surface observations at NOAA's Forecast Systems Laboratory. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 7-9 (1994).

68. MONINGER, W.R., and P.A. MILLER. ACARS quality control, monitoring, and correction. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 4-6 (1994). Kim, D., 1993: Application of cluster analyses of radiance data measured by satellite and computed from forecast profiles. Preprints, Seventh International TOVS Study Conference, February 10-16, Igls, Austria.

69. Benjamin, S.G., 1993: Correspondence of water vaport image features and potential vorticity patterns from an isentropic mesoscale data assimilation system. Annales Geophysicae , 0A11, 1pp-. Stankov, B. B., E. R. Westwater, D. Kim and A. Schroeder, 1993: Real-time temperature and humidity profiles ground- and space-based remote sensors. Preprints, Seventh International TOVS Study Conference, February 10-16, Igls, Austria. Kim, D., 1992: Cluster analyses of radiance data measured by satellite and computed from forecast profiles. Preprints, Twelfth Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, J109-112, June 22-26, Toronto, Canada.

70. MILLER, P.A., and S.G. BENJAMIN, 1992: A system for the hourly assimilation of surface observations in mountainous and flat terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2342-2359. A description of the MAPS surface analysis system.

71. MILLER, P. A. and S. G. BENJAMIN, 1991: Horizontal quality control for a real-time 3-h assimilation system configured in isentropic coordinates. Preprints, 9th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, 14-18 October, Denver, AMS, 32-35.

72. Benjamin, S.G., 1991: Short-range forecasts from a 3-h isentropic-sigma assimilation system using ACARS data. Fourth Int. Conf. on Weather Systems,, Paris, France, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 909-918.

73. Benjamin, S.G., T.L. Smith, P.A. Miller, D. Kim, T.W. Schlatter, and R. Bleck, 1991: Recent improvements in the MAPS isentropic-sigma data assimilation system. Ninth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction , Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 118-121.

74. Benjamin, S.G., an P.A. Stamus, 1991: Experiments with 1-h and 3-h assimilation cycles using mesoscale aircraft and surface data. Ninth Conf. on Numerical Weather Predication, , Denver, CO., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 186-189 .

75. BENJAMIN, S. G., and P. A. MILLER, 1990: An alternative sea-level pressure reduction and a statistical comparison of surface geostrophic wind estimates with observed winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2099-2116.

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76. BENJAMIN, S. G., 1989: An isentropic meso-alpha scale analysis system and its sensitivity to aircraft and surface observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1586-1603.

77. Benjamin, S.G., K.A. Brewster, R. Brummer, B.F. Jewett, T.W. Schlatter, T.L. Smith, and P.A. Stamus, 1989: A 3-hour mesoscale assimilation using ACARS aircraft data combined with other observations. Third Int. Conf. on the Aviation Weather System , Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 117-122.

78. Brewster, K.A., S.G. Benjamin, and R. Crawford, 1989: Quality control of ACARS meteorological observations - A preliminary data survey. Third Int. Conf. on the Aviation Weather System , Anaheim, CA Amer. Meteor. Soc., 124-129.

79. Benjamin, S.G., 1987: An isentropic mesoscale analysis system. Symposium on Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting Incorporating Nowcasting, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, European Space Agency, Paris, 555-560

80. Benjamin, S.G., R.S. Lieberman, T. W. Schlatter, and R.G. Rasmussen, 1985: Preliminary tests of a regional objective analysis and short-range numerical forecasting system. Seventh Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction , Montreal, P.Q., Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 440-443.

    3. Articles pertaining to RUC/RR forecast model, FIM model, physical parameterizations

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81. Lee, J.L., R. Bleck, A.E. MacDonald, J.W. Bao, S. Benjamin, J. Middlecoff, N. Wang, J. Brown. FIM: A vertically flow-following, finite-volume icosahedral model. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

82. Brown, J.M., T.G. Smirnova, and S.G. Benjamin, 2006: Performance of RUC13 forecasts for the AIRS-2 11 November 2003 icing case. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 7B.6. PDF

83. Benjamin, S.G., G.A. Grell, J.M. Brown, T.G. Smirnova, and R. Bleck, 2004: Mesoscale weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropic / terrain-following coordinate model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 473-494. PDF

84. Grell, G.A., and D. Devenyi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geoph. Res. Letters, 29, 38-1-4.

85. Grell, G.A., and D. Devenyi, 2001: Parameterized convection with ensemble closure/feedback assumptions. Preprints, 9th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 12-16. PDF

86. Smirnova, T.G., S.G. Benjamin, and J.M. Brown, 2000: Case study verification of RUC/MAPS fog and visibility forecasts. PDF . Preprints, 9th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Orlando, 31-36.

87. Brown, J.M., T.G. Smirnova, S.G. Benjamin, R. Rasmussen, G. Thompson, and K. Manning, 2000: Use of a mixed-phase microphysics scheme in the operational NCEP Rapid Update Cycle PDF . Preprints, 9th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Orlando, 100-101.

88. Brown, J.M., T.G. Smirnova, S.G. Benjamin, R. Rasmussen, G. Thompson, and K. Manning, 2000: Use of a mixed-phase microphysics scheme in the operational NCEP Rapid Update Cycle. Proc. 13th International Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation (Reno) (Sponsored by International Commission on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP) of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 2, 1104-1105.

89. Smirnova, T.G., J.M. Brown, S.G. Benjamin, and D. Kim, 2000: Parameterization of cold-season processes in the MAPS land-surface scheme. J. Geophys. Res., 105, D3, 4077-4086.

90. Smirnova, T.G., S.G. Benjamin, J.M. Brown, B. Schwartz, and D. Kim, 2000: Validation of long-term precipitation and evolved soil moisture and temperature fields in MAPS. PDF 15th Conf. on Hydrology, Long Beach, CA, 43-46.

91. Berbery, E.H., K. Mitchell, S. Benjamin, T. Smirnova, H. Ritchie, R. Hogue, and E. Radeva, 1999: Assessment of land-surface energy budgets from regional and global models. J. Geophys. Res., 104, , 19329-19348.

92. Smirnova, T.G., J.M. Brown, and S.G. Benjamin, 1999: Parameterization of frozen soil physics in MAPS and its effect on hydrological cycle components. PDF Preprints, 14th Conf. on Hydrology, 5th Conf. on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography. AMS, Dallas.

93. Brown, J.M., T.G. Smirnova, and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: Introduction of MM5 level 4 microphysics into the RUC-2. Preprints 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix, 113-115.

94. Smirnova, T.G., J.M. Brown, and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: Impact of a snow physics parameterization on short-range forecasts of skim temperature in MAPS/RUC. 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix.

95. Marroquin, A., T.G. Smirnova, J.M. Brown, and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: Forecast performance of a prognostic turbulence formulation implemented in the MAPS/RUC model. 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix.

96. Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, and S. G. Benjamin, 1997: Performance of different soil model configurations in simulating ground surface temperature and surface fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1870-1884.

97. Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, and S. G. Benjamin, 1997: Evolution of soil moisture and temperature in the MAPS/RUC assimilation cycle. Preprints, 13th Conference on Hydrology, Long Beach, AMS, 172-175.

98. Smirnova, T.G., J.M. Brown, and S.G. Benjamin, 1996: The soil component of the MAPS model: Description and performance in one and three dimensional applications. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, August, 259-261.

99. Grell, G.A., R. Bleck, and S.G. Benjamin, 1994: A comparison of different vertical coordinates and numerics in MM5. Fourth PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Users Workshop, Boulder, CO, 84-87.

100. PAN, Z., S.G. BENJAMIN, J.M. BROWN, and T. SMIRNOVA, 1994. Comparative experiments with MAPS on different parameterization schemes for surface moisture flux and boundary- layer processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 449-470. This study compares several formulations parameterizing the surface moisture flux and boundary-layer processes using the i-e hybrid-b model of the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS) within both 1D and 3D frameworks. A modified formula for computing the surface moisture flux is proposed based on the assumption that the layer below the lowest model computational level can be represented by three "physical" layers, of which the bottom one is the molecular layer. This three-layer aerodynamic (3LAD) scheme is compared with two-layer aerodynamic (2LAD) as well as flux matching and Penman- Monteith potential evapotranspiration (PM) schemes. Both a 10-day forecast period (3D) and case simulations demonstrate that the 3LAD scheme gives the best prediction in latent heat flux from the ground and mixing ratio in the atomosphere. The moisture flux produced by the 2LAD scheme is too large, especially over warm and moist surfaces. The mean 12-h forecast rms errors in relative humidity at the surface (10 m AGL) are 15.6%, 21.5%, and 26.0%, respectively, for the 3LAD, PM, and 2LAD schemes in a 10-day parallel test period using MAPS. For the boundary-layer parameterization, the Mellor-Yamada level 2.0 turbulence scheme (MY) and Blackadar convective scheme are compared. Results show that the MY scheme gives more reasonable boundary-layer structure and smaller rms forecast errors.

101. SMIRNOVA, T.G., S.G. BENJAMIN, and J.M. BROWN. Comparative experiments for different boundary-layer schemes based on the implementation of a soil model. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 432-434 (1994).

102. Benjamin, S.G., T.L. Smith, and G.A. Grell, 1994: Tests of the MAPS isentropic/sigma hybrid forecast model - 1994 research activities in atmospheric and oceanic modeling. CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation, ,

103. BLECK, R., and S.G. BENJAMIN, 1993. Regional weather prediction with a model combining terrain-following and isentropic coordinates. Part I: model description. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1770-1785.

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     4. Articles pertaining to RUC/RR applications and observational data studies

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104. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, and S. Sahm, 2007: Short-range forecast impact from assimilation of GPS-IPW observations into the Rapid Update Cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2914-2930. PDF

105. Moninger, W.R, S. Benjamin, B. D. Jamison, T.L. Smith, E.J. Szoke, T.W. Schlatter. TAMDAR and its impact on Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) forecasts. Preprints, 22nd Conf. Wea. Analysis Forecasting / 18th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Park City, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., PDF

106. Szoke, E., R. Collander, B. Jamison, T. Smith, T. Schlatter, S. Benjamin, and W. Moninger, 2006: An evaluation of TAMDAR soundings in severe storm forecasting. 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, AMS.

107. Lu, C., H. Yuan, B.E. Schwartz, and S.G. Benjamin, 2007: Short-range numerical weather prediction using time-lagged ensembles. Weather and Forecasting , 22, 580-595.

108. Stensrud, D. J., N. Yussouf, M. E. Baldwin, J. T. McQueen, J. Du, B. Zhou, B. Ferrier, G. Manikin, F. M. Ralph, J. M. Wilczak, A. B. White, I. Djlalova, J. Bao, R. Zamora, S. Benjamin, P. A. Miller, T. L. Smith, T. Smirnova, M. F. Barth, 2006: The New England High-Resolution Temperature Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 491-498.

109. Koch, S.E., B. D. Jamison, C. Lu, T. L. Smith, E. I. Tollerud, C. Girz, N. Wang, T. P. Lane, M. A. Shapiro, D. D. Parrish, and O. R. Cooper, 2006: Turbulence and gravity waves within an upper-level front. J. Atmos. Sci. , , 62, 3885-3908.

110. Benjamin, S.G., W.R. Moninger, T.L. Smith, B.D. Jamison, and B.E. Schwartz, 2006: Impact of TAMDAR humidity, temperature, and wind observations in RUC parallel experiments. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 4.5.

111. Benjamin, S.G., W.R. Moninger, T.L. Smith, B.D. Jamison, and B.E. ninger, W. R., R. D. Mamrosh, and T. S. Daniels, 2006: Weather Reports from Aircraft: TAMDAR and the U.S. AMDAR Fleet. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

112. Daniels, T.S., W.R. Moninger, and R.D. Mamrosh, 2006: Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) Overview. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.1.

113. Mamrosh, R.D., E.S. Brusky, J.K. Last, E.J. Szoke, W.R. Moninger, and T.S. Daniels, 2006: Applications of TAMDAR aircraft data reports in NWS Forecast Offices. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.4.

114. Moninger, W.R., S.G. Benjamin, D. Devenyi, B.D. Jamison, B.E. Schwartz, T.L. Smith, and E. Szoke, 2006: AMDAR optimization studies at the Global Systems Division. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 2.4a.

115. Moninger, W.R., M.F. Barth, S.G. Benjamin, R.S. Collander, B.D. Jamison, P.A. Miller, B.E. Schwartz, T.L. Smith, and E. Szoke, 2006: TAMDAR evaluation work at the Forecast Systems Laboratory: An overview. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.7.

116. Szoke, E. J., B. D. Jamison, W. R. Moninger, S. G. Benjamin, B. E. Schwartz, and T. L. Smith, 2006: Impact of TAMDAR on RUC forecasts: Case studies. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.9.

117. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, S. Sahm, and K. Holub, 2006: Operational assimilation of GPS-IPW observations in the 13-km RUC at NCEP. 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 2.2.

118. Smith, W. L., Jr., P. Minnis, and S. G. Benjamin, 2006: Comparison of RUC condensate analyses and forecasts with satellite-derived cloud properties. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, P5.21.

119. Brundage, K.J., B. Schwartz, S.G. Benjamin, and M. Schwartz, 2005: Wind energy forecasting using time lagged ensembles Preprints 21st Conf. Weather Analysis and Forecasting, August, Washington, DC, AMS

120. Benjamin, S.G., B.E. Schwartz, E.J. Szoke, and S.E. Koch, 2004: The value of wind profiler data in U.S. weather forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1871-1886. PDF

121. Benjamin, S.G., B.E. Schwartz, E.J. Szoke, and S.E. Koch, 2004: The value of wind profiler data in U.S. weather forecasting. Case studies. (online supplement) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, E21-E29.

122. Schwartz, B., and K. Brundage, 2004: Accuracy of Rapid Update Cycle low-level jet forecasts. Preprints 22th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, PDF

123. Smith, T.L., S.S. Weygandt, S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, and S. Sahm, 2004: GPS-IPW observations and their assimilation into the 20-km RUC during severe weather season. Preprints 22th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, PDF

124. Weygandt, S.S., and S.G. Benjamin, 2004: RUC model-based convective probability forecasts. Preprints 11th Conf. Aviation, Range, and Aerosp. Meteor., Hyannis, MA, PDF

125. Weygandt, S.S., A.F. Loughe, S.G. Benjamin, and J.L. Mahoney, 2004: Scale sensitivities in model precipitation skill scores during IHOP. Preprints 22th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, PDF

126. Moninger, W.R., T.S. Daniels, R. Mamrosh, M. Barth, S. Benjamin, R. Collandar, L. Ewy, B. Jamison, R. Lipschutz, P. Miller, B. Schwartz, T. Smith, and E. Szoke, 2004: TAMDAR, the Rapid Update Cycle, and the Great Lakes Flight Experiment. Preprints 11th Conf. Aviation, Range, and Aerosp. Meteor., Hyannis, MA, PDF

127. Gutman, S.I., K.L. Holub, S.R. Sahm, J.Q. Stewart, T.L. Smith, S.G. Benjamin, and B.E. Schwartz, 2004: Rapid retrieval and assimilation of ground based GPS-Met observations at the NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory: Impact on weather forecasts. J. Meteor. Soc, Japan, 82, 351-360.

128. Koch, S.E., B. Jamison, E. Tollerud, C. Girz, T. Smith, T.P. Lane, N. Wang, M.A. Shapiro, D. Parrish, and O. Cooper, 2004: Analysis of turbulence generation by gravity waves within an upper-tropospheric front. Preprints 11th Conf. Aviation, Range, and Aerosp. Meteor., Hyannis, MA, PDF

129. Koch, S.E., Benjamin, S.G., B.E. Schwartz, and E.J. Szoke, 2004: The value of wind profiler data in U.S. weather forecasting. Preprints 8th Symp. Integ. Obs. Assim. Systems, PDF

130. Schwartz, B., S. Benjamin, 2004: Observation sensitivity experiments using the Rapid Update Cycle Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

131. Smirnova, T.G., S.G. Benjamin, J.M. Brown and D. Kim, 2004: Cycled snow state in RUC coupled data assimilation system (CDAS) Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

132. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, and S. Sahm, 2004: Ongoing assessment of GPS-IPW impact on RUC forecasts Preprints 20th Conf. Wea. Anal. Forecasting., Seattle. PDF

133. Weygandt, S.S., T.W. Schlatter, S. E. Koch, S.G. Benjamin, A. Marroquin, J. R. Smart, M. Hardesty, B. Rye, A. Belmonte, G. Feingold, D. M. Barker, Q. Zhang, and D. Devenyi, 2004: Potential forecast impacts from space-based lidar winds: results from a regional observing system simulation experiments. Preprints 8th Symp. Integ. Obs. Systems., Seattle. PDF

134. Lu, C., S. Benjamin, J. Du, and S. Tracton, 2004: RUC short-range ensemble forecast system. Preprints 16th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Seattle. PDF

135. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, and B.E. Schwartz, 2003: Impact of GPS-IPW data on RUC forecasts. 7th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems: The Water Cycle, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.. PDF

136. Gutman, S.I., S. Sahm, J. Stewart, S. Benjamin, T. Smith, and B. Schwartz, 2003: A composite observing system strategy for ground based GPS meteorology. 12th Symp. on Met. Obs. and Instr. Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

137. Benjamin, S.G., S.S. Weygandt, J. Lee, T.G. Smirnova, G.A. Grell, and B.L. Shaw, 2002: A case study comparison of 10-km WRFRUC and RUC model forecasts from the IHOP experiment. 15th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 275-277. PDF

138. Schwartz, B.E. and S.G. Benjamin, 2002: An assessment of 3- and 6-h RUC CAPE forecasts. 21th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J85-J88.

139. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, S.I. Gutman, and B.E. Schwartz, 2002: Impact of GPS water vapor data on RUC severe weather forecasts. 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J43-J46. PDF

140. Weygandt, S.S., S.G. Benjamin, C.S. Velden, J.E. Burks, and L.B. Nance, 2002: High-resolution RUC forecasts for PACJET: Real-time NWS guidance and retrospective data impact tests. 15th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 300-303.

141. Schwartz, B.E., and S.G. Benjamin, 2002: Verification of RUC surface forecasts at major U.S. airport hubs. 10th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 327-330. PDF

142. Smith, T.L., and S.G. Benjamin, 2002: Visibility forecasts from the RUC20. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 150-153. PDF

143. Brundage, K.J., S.G. Benjamin, and M.N. Schwartz, 2001: Wind energy forecasts and ensemble uncertainty from the RUC. Ninth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 343-345 PDF

144. Schwartz, B.E. and S.G. Benjamin, 2001: Verification of 20-km RUC surface and precipitation forecasts. 14th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 138-141. PDF

145. Gutman, S.I. and S.G. Benjamin, 2001: The role of ground-based GPS meteorological observations in numerical weather prediction. GPS Solutions, 4, 16-24. PDF

146. Weygandt, S.S., S.G. Benjamin, and C. Velden, 2001: Assimilation of rapid-scan satellite cloud motion vectors into the RUC model in support of the PACJET experiment. 14th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 263-267. PDF

147. Olsen, M.A., W.A. Gallus, J.L. Stanford, and J.M. Brown, 2000: An intense Midwestern cyclone: Fine-scale comparisons of model analysis with TOMS total ozone data. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20487-20495.

148. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, B.E. Schwartz, and S.I. Gutman, 2000: Using GPS-IPW in a 4-D data assimilation system. Earth Planets Space, 52, 921-926.

149. Smith, T.L., S.G. Benjamin, B.E. Schwartz, and G. Grell, 2000: A past and future look at the Rapid Update Cycle for the 3 May 1999 severe weather outbreak. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, AMS, Orlando, 21-24.

150. Schwartz, B., S.J. Weiss, and S. Benjamin, 2000: An assessment of the Rapid Update Cycle short-range forecast fields related to convective development. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, AMS, Orlando, 443-446.

151. Schwartz, B.E., S.G. Benjamin, S.M. Green, and M.R. Jardin, 2000: Accuracy of RUC-1 and RUC-2 wind and aircraft trajectory forecasts by comparison with ACARS observations. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 313-326.

152. Olsen, M.A., W.A. Gallus, J.L. Stanford, J.M. Brown, 2000: Fine-scale comparison of TOMS total ozone data with model analysis of an intense Midwestern cyclone. J. Geophys. Res., 105, D15, 20487-20495.

153. Cole, R.E., S. Green, M. Jardin, B.E. Schwartz, and S.G. Benjamin, 2000: Wind prediction accuracy for air traffic management decision support tools. Preprints, 3rd USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, Eurocontrol and FAA, Naples, Italy.

154. Schwartz, B.E., and S.G. Benjamin, 2000: Verification of RUC2 precipitation forecasts using the NCEP multisensor analysis. 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems, Long Beach, AMS, 182-185.

155. Benjamin, S.G., B.E. Schwartz, and R.E. Cole, 1999: Accuracy of ACARS wind and temperature observations determined by collocation. Wea. Forecasting, 14,1032-1038.

156. Benjamin, S.G., and B.E. Schwartz, 1999: Accuracy of RUC-1 and RUC-2 wind and aircraft trajectory forecasts as determined by ACARS observations. Preprints, 8th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Dallas, 481-485.

157. Bothwell, P., and T. L. Smith, 1998: Forecasting areas of convective weather threat using the RUC-2. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, AMS, Minneapolis, 669-672.

158. Smith, T.L. and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: The combined use of GOES cloud-drift, ACARS, VAD, and profiler winds in the RUC-2. Extended abstracts, 4th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling: Needs and Technologies, Snowmass, Vol. 2, 302-304.

159. Schwartz, B.E. and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: Verification of RUC-2 and Eta model precipitation forecasts. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Wea. Analysis and Forecasting, AMS, Phoenix, J19-J22.

160. Benjamin, S.G., T.L. Smith, B.E. Schwartz, S.I. Gutman, and D. Kim, 1998: Precipitation forecast sensitivity to GPS precipitable water observations combined with GOES using RUC-2. Preprints, 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73-76.

161. Smith, T.L. and S.G. Benjamin, 1998: The combined use of GOES cloud-drift, ACARS, VAD, and profiler winds in the RUC-2. Preprints, 12th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS, Phoenix, 297-299.

162. Smith, T.L. and J.M. Brown, 1996: 40km MAPS at work: Comparisons of model forecasts to the real world. Preprints, 15th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Norfolk, AMS, 212-215.

163. Schwartz, B.E., S.G. Benjamin, and K.J. Brundage, 1996: Verification of precipitation forecasts from the RUC and Eta models using high resolution precipitation observations. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, AMS, J115-J119.

164. SMITH, T. L., J. E. RAMER, and S. G. BENJAMIN, 1995: MAPS forecasts of aviation-impact variables. Preprints, 6th Conference on Aviation Weather Systems, 15-20 January, Dallas, AMS, 51-56.

165. SCHWARTZ, B., and S.G. BENJAMIN, 1995. A comparison of temperature and wind measurements from ACARS-equipped aircraft and rawinsondes. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 528-544.

166. SCHWARTZ, B. A comparison of ACARS temperature and wind measurements with radiosonde data. In Science: Addressing the Issues, Global Change Forum, 28th CMOS Congress, May 30-June 3, 1994, Ottawa, Ontario. P.-A. Bolduc and J. Powell (eds.), Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 139-140 (1994).

167. SCHWARTZ, B. An assessment of voice PIREPS in aviation related weather research. In Science: Addressing the Issues, Global Change Forum, 28th CMOS Congress, May 30-June 3, 1994, Ottawa, Ontario. P.-A. Bolduc and J. Powell (eds.), Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 106-107 (1994).

168. SMITH, T.L., and S.G. BENJAMIN. Evaluation of CAPE/CIN fields derived from model soundings. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, October 4-8, 1993. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 70-73 (1993).

169. SMITH, T.L., and S.G. BENJAMIN. Relative impact of data sources on a data assimilation system. Preprints, Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, July 18-22, 1994. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 491-493 (1994).

170. SMITH, T.L., and S.G. BENJAMIN. Relative impact of data sources on a data assimilation system. Preprints, Third International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling: Needs and Technologies, Vol. 1, Hamburg, Germany, August 30-September 2, 1994. University of Hamburg, 6, (1994).

171. Smith, T. L., and S. G. Benjamin, 1993: Impact of network profiler data on a 3-h data assimilation system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 801-807.

172. Smith, T. L., and S. G. Benjamin, 1993: A severe winter storm as described by a real-time isentropic-sigma data assimilation system. Preprints, 13th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, 2-6 August, Vienna, VA, AMS, 1-4.

     5. RUC/RR post-processing including RTMA

173. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, G.S. Manikin, and G. Mann, 2007: The RTMA background - hourly downscaling of RUC data to 5-km detail. 22nd Weather Analysis and Forecasting Conf., Park City, Utah, AMS PDF

174. Benjamin, S.G., J.M. Brown, G. Manikin, G. Mann. The RTMA background - hourly downscaling of RUC data to 5-KM detail. Preprints, 23rd Conference on IIPS, January 2007, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc. , PDF

175. Lu, C., H. Yuan, B.E. Schwartz, and S.G. Benjamin, 2007: Short-range numerical weather prediction using time-lagged ensembles. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 580-595.

176. Herzegh, P., G. Wiener, R. Bankert, R. Batemen, S. Benjamin, J. Brown, J. Cowie, M. Hadjimichael, M. Tryhane, and B. Weekley, 2006: Development of FAA national ceiling and visibility products: Challenges, strategies, and progress. 12th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology (ARAM), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, P1.17. PDF

177. Lu, C., S.G. Benjamin, J. Du, and S. Tracton, 2004: RUC short-range ensemble forecast system. 20th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, J11.6. PDF